A reference to the
Imáms as the repositories of the inner meanings of the Word of God.
1878 — 1943
An outstanding American Bahá’í whose strict obedience to the admonition to teach the Faith was exemplary. Married to
Howard Colby Ives, she excelled at attracting the public and giving lectures, while he excelled at deepening and confirming those whom she attracted.
For a brief account of her life and service to the Faith, see The Bahá’í World 9: 616-23.
Religious college.
A caste of priests and sages among the ancient Persians.
Other names for Zoroastrianism
Maḥbúbu’sh-Shuhadá’
Mahdí
Maidservant of Bahá
God’s plan for humanity that is tumultuous and mysterious in its progress. Its purpose in this
cycle is to unite the human race and to establish the Kingdom of God on earth.
One who is lord or possessor; one who is in charge; applied to the Angel in charge of Hell. (Qur’án, commentary, ‘Abdu’lláh Yúsif ‘Alí translation, p. 1340)
“He whom God will make manifest.” Title given by the
Báb to the
Promised One.
Designation of a Prophet “endowed with constancy” Who is the Founder of a religious
Dispensation, inasmuch as in His words, His person, and His actions He manifests the nature and purpose of God in accordance with the capacity and needs of the people to whom He comes.
“…since there can be no tie or direct intercourse to bind the one true God with His creation, and no resemblance whatever can exist between the transient and the Eternal, the contingent and the Absolute, He hath ordained that in every age and dispensation a pure and stainless Soul be made manifest in the kingdoms of earth and heaven…. These Essences of Detachment, these resplendent Realities are the channels of God’s all-pervasive grace. Led by the light of unfailing guidance, and invested with supreme sovereignty, they are commissioned to use the inspiration of Their words, the effusions of Their infallible grace and the sanctifying breezes of Their Revelation for the cleansing of every longing heart and receptive spirit from the dross and dust of earthly cares and limitations.”
It must, however, be strongly noted that the “
divinity attributed to so great a Being and the complete incarnation of the names and attributes of God in so exalted a Person should, under no circumstances, be misconceived or misinterpreted ... that invisible yet rational God ... however much we extol the divinity of His Manifestations on earth, can in no wise incarnate His infinite, His unknowable, His incorruptible and all-embracing Reality in ... a mortal being.”
Cf. Shoghi Effendi, The Dispensation of Bahá’u’lláh; see Memorials of the Faithful, page 35, footnote 1..
Manifestations, Twin
Literally means “insane.”
The title of the celebrated lover of ancient Persian and Arabian lore, whose beloved was Laylí, daughter of an Arabian prince. Symbolizing true human love bordering on the divine, the story has been made the theme of many a Persian romantic poem, particularly that of Niẓámí, written in 1188–1189 A.D. (
The Seven Valleys, p. 6 and n.)
10 August 1872 — 28 September 1939
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Community
An American Bahá’í known not only for her work in the translation and dissemination of Bahá’í literature but particularly for her prodigious, unique exertions in the field of international teaching, which carried her around the globe four times over a period of some twenty years and granted her audiences with kings, queens, and numerous other prominent people.
For a brief account of her life and service to the Faith, see The Bahá’í World 8: 643-48.
Martyrs, Prince of
? — 24 March 1945
An early American Bahá’í who contributed greatly, from 1910 to 1922, to the publication and distribution of Bahá’í literature, serving as head of the Bahá’í Publishing Society.
For a brief account of her life and service to the Faith, see The Bahá’í World 10: 544-45.
Mary Maxwell
A
Muslim who has performed the pilgrimage to Ma
shhad.
The title Messiah; Hebrew meaning anointed
“The Dawning Place of the Praise of God”: a title designating a Bahá’í House of Worship or Temple.
Continental Houses of Worship have been constructed in
Wilmette, near Chicago, Illinois
Kampala, Uganda
Ingleside, near Sydney, Australia
Langenhain, near Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Panama City, Panama
Apia, Western Samoa
New Delhi, India.
Santiago, Chile, This is the last of the continental Houses of Worship.
The first Bahá’í House of Worship, built in 1902 in
‘Ishqábád, Turkmenistan, was damaged by an earthquake in 1948 and, following heavy rains, had to be razed in 1963.
In its Riḍván message of 2012, the
Universal House of Justice announced that the first National Houses of Worship were to be built in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in Papua New Guinea. In the same Message, the Universal House of Justice also announced that it was entering into consultation with “respective National
Spiritual Assemblies regarding the erection of the first local House of Worship in each of the following clusters: Battambang, Cambodia; Bihar Sharif, India; Matunda Soy, Kenya; Norte del Cauca, Columbia; and Tanna, Vanuata.”
For a full description of the institution of the Mashriqu’l-Adhkár, see Bahá’í World, Volume XVIII, pages 568-88.
Mosque, temple, place of worship.
A great Mosque in
Ṭihrán built by Fatḥ-‘Alí Sháh.
A title of
‘Abdu’l-Bahá referring to the virtues He manifested and to His role as an enduring model for humanity to emulate.
? — 1943
An outstanding American Bahá’í who, when he received the
Guardian’s call for pioneers in
The Advent of Divine Justice, immediately arose to pioneer in Panama, then Nicaragua, where he remained until his death.
For a brief account of his life and service to the Faith, see The Bahá’í World 9: 614-16.
Maxwell, William Sutherland
May and Mary Maxwell
Alexandria, Egypt, 1923
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Community
1870 — 1 March 1940
A distinguished early American Bahá’í who was among the first group of Western pilgrims to visit
‘Abdu’l-Bahá in
‘Akká in 1898/99.
Instructed by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in 1899 to remain in Paris to teach the Faith, she established the first Bahá’í group on European soil there. Serving as a teacher and administrator of the Faith for forty years, she arose to
pioneer to Buenos Aires, where she died on 1 March 1940, shortly after her arrival.
For a brief account of her life and service to the Faith, see The Bahá’í World 8: 631-42.
A square or open place.
A province in northern Persia.
The Mansion of Mazra‘ih c. 1900
Photo: Edward Getsinger
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Community
Country mansion near the village of Mazra‘a, several miles north of the prison city of
‘Akká and about a half-mile from the Mediterranean Sea.
Bahá’u’lláh lived at Mazra‘ih for about two years after leaving ‘Akká in 1877. The mansion looks eastward to the hills of Galilee and has a pool and gardens.
The capital of Arabia, the most sacred city of
Islám, the birthplace of
Muḥammad (
ad 570).
In Mecca, the principal place of pilgrimage of the
Muslim world, stands the Great Mosque surrounding the
Ka‘bih (Kaaba), the ancient cubical temple believed to have been built by
Abraham and Ishmael, which is the Muslim
Qiblih.
Medina
The term “metempsychosis” “is a philosophical term in the Greek language referring to transmigration of the soul, especially its reincarnation after death.” (
courtesy of Wikipeadia). It can refer to the transmigration of the soul into a body of the same species or that of a different species.
“The Ascent”:
Muḥammad’s mystic vision of the “night journey” in which He ascended into heaven with
Gabriel.
A city and district on the Red Sea, southeast of Mt. Sinai, occupied by the descendants of Midian, son of
Abraham and
Keturah.
The principal place in a mosque, where the
imám prays with his face turned towards
Mecca.
In contrast to the
Major Plan of God, it proceeds in a methodical, ordered way, disseminating His teachings and raising up the structure of a united world society.
Siyyid of Findirisk
A noted Persian poet and thinker, who lived in the 16th Century, a.d.
A contraction of Amír-Zádih, meaning son of Amír. When affixed to a name, it signifies prince; when prefixed, simply Mr.
Mírzá Abu’l-Faḍl-i-Gulpáygání
Mírzá Abu’l-Qásim Faráhání
In
Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas,
page 65,
Bahá’u’lláh refers to him as “the Prince of the City of Statesmanship and Literary Accomplishment.”
Distinguished poet and scholar during the reign of Fa
th ‘Alí
Sháh. He was a friend of Mírzá Buzurg, father of Bahá’u’lláh. Qá’im Maqám became Prime Minister of
Persia in 1821, but in 1835 he was put to death by order of Muḥammad
Sháh, at the instigation of
Ḥájí Mírzá Aqásí.
Mírzá Aḥmad
A paternal cousin of the
Báb and intimate friend of
Dayyán. Murdered by the followers of
Mírzá Yaḥyá.
Mírzá Áqá Buzurg-i-Ní
shápúrí
Badí at age 15
1852 — 1869
Better known as Badí‘. Also titled the “Pride of Martyrs”.
He was entrusted by
Bahá’u’lláh with a
Tablet to Náṣiri’d-Dín
Sháh. On delivering the Tablet to the
Sháh, Badí‘ was arrested, tortured for three days and then killed, his body being thrown into a pit and dirt and stones heaped upon it.
Amanuensis of
Bahá’u’lláh, surnamed ‘Servant of God’ and ‘Servant-in-Attendance’.
The Dawn Breakers
Chapter 12
Tutor and Chancellor to Muḥammad
Sháh. Responsible for the exile of the
Báb “
to the mountain fastnesses of Ádhirbáyján”.
(Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By)
Condemned by the Báb in the strongest of terms.
In God Passes By Shoghi Effendi describes him as “a vulgar, false-hearted and fickle-minded schemer.”
One of the
divines of
Iṣfahán, who became a follower of the
Báb, later supported
Mírzá Yaḥyá, and was appointed his representative in
Írán and his successor. During the persecutions against the
Bábís he recanted his faith.
A-Z :
Mírzá ~ Hádí Dawlat-Ábádí
Mírzá Ḥusayn-‘Alí Nuri
Mushíru’d-Dawlih
The Persian Ambassador at the Sublime Porte through whose influence
Bahá’u’lláh was transferred from
Baghdád to
Constantinople. (
God Passes By, pp. 146 and 159).
A-Z :
Ḥájí ~ Mírzá Ḥusayn-
Khhán
Mírzá Javád
A pretender to knowledge, author of a book “Guidance to the Ignorant” (“Irshádu’l-‘Avám”), whose works perished with him.
A-Z :
Ḥájí ~ Mírzá Muḥammad Karím Khán-i-Kirmání
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Community
He died at the age of twenty-two in 1870 when he fell through a skylight while rapt in prayer on the roof of the prison barracks in
‘Akká. He asked Bahá’u’lláh to accept his life as a ransom so that pilgrims prevented from attaining Bahá’u’lláh’s presence would be enabled to do so.
Bahá’u’lláh, in a prayer, made this astounding proclamation:
“Glorified art Thou, O Lord my God! Thou seest Me in the hands of Mine enemies, and My son blood-stained before Thy face, O Thou in Whose hands is the kingdom of all names. I have, O My Lord, offered up that which Thou hast given Me, that Thy servants may be quickened and all that dwell on earth be united.”
circa 1868
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of Wikipedia
1852 — 1937
A son of Bahá’u’lláh and younger half-brother of
‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Refered to by Bahá’u’lláh in the
Kitáb-i-‘Ahd as “the Greater Branch”.
He broke the Covenant by attempting to create a following of his own within the Bahá’í community after the passing of Bahá’u’lláh.
A-Z :
Mírzá ~ Muḥammad-‘Álí
Muḥammad Ḥasan
Also known by the title of King of Martyrs (Sulṭánu’
sh-
Shuhadá’).
Image courtesy
of Wikipedia
He was an honored and wealthy citizen of
Iṣfahán who was martyred along with his brother, the
Beloved of Martyrs, at the instigation of the
Imám-Jum‘ih of that city. The episode is described by
Shoghi Effendi in
God Passes By (page 200) in the following manner:
A month later occurred in that same city the tragedy of the two famous brothers
Mírzá Muḥammad-Ḥasan and
Mírzá Muḥammad-Ḥusayn, the “twin shining lights,” respectively surnamed “Sulṭánu’
sh-
Shuhadá’” (King of Martyrs) and “Maḥbúbu’
sh-
Shuhadá’” (Beloved of Martyrs), who were celebrated for their generosity, trustworthiness, kindliness and piety. Their martyrdom was instigated by the wicked and dishonest
Mír Muḥammad-Ḥusayn, the Imám-Jum‘ih, stigmatized by
Bahá’u’lláh as the “she-serpent,” who, in view of a large debt he had incurred in his transactions with them, schemed to nullify his obligations by denouncing them as
Bábís, and thereby encompassing their death. Their richly-furnished houses were plundered, even to the trees and flowers in their gardens, all their remaining possessions were confiscated;
Shaykh Muḥammad-Báqir, denounced by Bahá’u’lláh as the “wolf,” pronounced their death-sentence; the Ẓillu’s-Sulṭán ratified the decision, after which they were put in chains, decapitated, dragged to the Maydán-i-
Sháh, and there exposed to the indignities heaped upon them by a degraded and rapacious populace. “In such wise,”
‘Abdu’l-Bahá has written, “was the blood of these two brothers shed that the Christian priest of Julfá cried out, lamented and wept on that day.” For several years Bahá’u’lláh in His
Tablets continued to make mention of them, to voice His grief over their passing and to extol their virtues.
Also known by the title of Beloved of Martyrs (Maḥbúbu’
sh-
Shuhadá’).
Image courtesy
of Wikipedia
A month later occurred in that same city the tragedy of the two famous brothers
Mírzá Muḥammad-Ḥasan and
Mírzá Muḥammad-Ḥusayn, the “twin shining lights,” respectively surnamed “Sulṭánu’
sh-
Shuhadá’” (King of Martyrs) and “Maḥbúbu’
sh-
Shuhadá’” (Beloved of Martyrs), who were celebrated for their generosity, trustworthiness, kindliness and piety. Their martyrdom was instigated by the wicked and dishonest
Mír Muḥammad-Ḥusayn, the Imám-Jum‘ih, stigmatized by
Bahá’u’lláh as the “she-serpent,” who, in view of a large debt he had incurred in his transactions with them, schemed to nullify his obligations by denouncing them as
Bábís, and thereby encompassing their death. Their richly-furnished houses were plundered, even to the trees and flowers in their gardens, all their remaining possessions were confiscated;
Shaykh Muḥammad-Báqir, denounced by Bahá’u’lláh as the “wolf,” pronounced their death-sentence; the Ẓillu’s-Sulṭán ratified the decision, after which they were put in chains, decapitated, dragged to the Maydán-i-
Sháh, and there exposed to the indignities heaped upon them by a degraded and rapacious populace. “In such wise,”
‘Abdu’l-Bahá has written, “was the blood of these two brothers shed that the Christian priest of Julfá cried out, lamented and wept on that day.” For several years Bahá’u’lláh in His
Tablets continued to make mention of them, to voice His grief over their passing and to extol their virtues.
Mírzá Muḥammad Taqí Afnán, Ḥájí
Jináb Mírzá Músá, also known as Áqáy-i-Kalím.
Of Naráq
One of
Bahá’u’lláh’s brothers who could not recognize His station, kept apart from Him, and hid his relationship.
Mírzá Takhi Khán Amír-Niẓám
Also known as Mírzá Javád, a prominent early believer who lived during the ministry of the
Báb and
Bahá’u’lláh.
1831 — 1912.
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of Wikipedia
“… known as Ṣubḥ-i-Azal (Morning of Eternity), a younger half-brother of
Bahá’u’lláh, who arose against Him and opposed His Cause.
“
Mírzá Yaḥyá was nominated by the
Báb to serve as a figure-head for the
Bábí community pending the imminent manifestation of the
Promised One. At the instigation of
Siyyid Muḥammad-i-Iṣfahání, Mírza Yaḥyá betrayed the trust of the Báb, claimed to be His successor, and intrigued against Bahá’u’lláh, even attempting to have Him murdered.
“When Bahá’u’lláh formally declared His Mission to him in
Adrianople, Mírza Yaḥyá responded by going to the length of putting forward his own claim to be the recipient of an independent
Revelation. His pretensions were eventually rejected by all but a few, who became known as
Azalís.
“He is described by
Shoghi Effendi as the ‘Arch-Breaker of the
Covenant of the Báb’ (see
God Passes By, chapter X).”
A unit of weight, equivalent to a little over 3 1/2 grammes, used in the
Kitáb-i-Aqdas with reference to quantities of gold or silver for various purposes, usually in amounts of 9, 19 or 95 mi
thqáls. The equivalents of these in the metric system and in troy ounces (which are used in the measurement of precious metals), are as follows:
9 mithqáls |
= |
32.775 grammes |
= |
1.05374 troy ounces |
19 mithqáls |
= |
69.192 grammes |
= |
2.22456 troy ounces |
95 mithqáls |
= |
345.958 grammes |
= |
11.12282 troy ounces |
This computation is based on the guidance of
Shoghi Effendi, conveyed in a letter written on his behalf, which states “one mi
thqál consists of nineteen
nákhuds. The weight of twenty-four ná
khuds equals four and three-fifths grammes. Calculations may be made on this basis.”
The mi
thqál traditionally used in the Middle East had consisted of 24 ná
khuds but in the
Bayán this was changed to 19 ná
khuds.
Bahá’u’lláh confirmed this as the size of the mi
thqál referred to in the Bahá’í laws
A biblical Caananite god related to the sacrifice of children, through fire or through war.
By tradition, Moloch is depicted as a statue made of bronze, having a fire into which victims were thrown.
Image courtesy
of Wikipedia
Muná Mahmúdnizhád
One of 10 young Baha’i female martyrs who refused to recant their faith in
Shíráz,
Írán on June 18, 1983.
The Monument Gardens are on
Mount Carmel, forming the centre-point of the
Arc.
Moody, Susan
Morn of Eternity
One of the six great Prophets, according to the
Muslims.
See Exodus 4:16, where God says to Moses: “thou shalt be to him instead of God”; and Exodus 7:1: “I have made thee a god unto Pharaoh.”
Moses led the exodus from Egypt, which is now dated about 1440 B.C.
Moslem
The name by which the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem is referred to in the
Qur’án.
Most Exalted Leaf
Most Great Festival
Chapter 45 in
Some Answered Questions is devoted to an explanation by
‘Abdu’l-Bahá of this verse of the Aqdas. In this chapter He stresses, among other things, the inseparability of essential “
infallibility” from the Manifestations of God, and asserts that “
whatever emanates from Them is identical with the truth, and conformable to reality”, that “
They are not under the shadow of the former laws”, and “
Whatever They say is the word of God, and whatever They perform is an upright action”.
(The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, note 75, page 199
Likewise, in the Tablet of I
shráqát, beginning
page 108 through to page 110, Bahá’u’lláh explains the Most Great Infallibility.
The centenary of the declaration of
Bahá’u’lláh’s prophetic mission in the
Garden of Riḍván in
Baghdád, 22 April — 3 May 1863. It was commemorated by the first Bahá’í World Congress, held in Royal Albert Hall, London, during the
Riḍván Festival (28 April — 2 May) 1963.
Most Great Name
Most Great Ocean
The second of two major stages in which Bahá’ís believe peace will be established.
The Most Great Peace will be the practical consequence of the spiritualization of the world and the fusion of all its races, creeds, classes, and nations. It will rest on the foundation of, and be preserved by, the ordinances of God.
The Prison in ‘Akka
Image copyright ©
Romane Takkenberg, 2009
The prison city of
‘Akká in which
Bahá’u’lláh, His family, and companions were confined from 31 August 1868 until June 1877.
A-Z :
‘Akká ~ Most Great Prison
Most Great Tablet
Most Holy Book
Most Holy Court
Most Mighty Branch
The term “Mother Book” is generally used to designate the central Book of a religious
Dispensation. In the
Qur’án and Islamic Hadíth, the term is used to describe the Qur’án itself. In the
Bábí Dispensation, the
Bayán is the Mother Book, and the
Kitáb-i-Aqdas is the Mother Book of the Dispensation of
Bahá’u’lláh. Further, the
Guardian in a letter written on his behalf has stated that this concept can also be used as a “collective term indicating the body of the Teachings revealed by Bahá’u’lláh”. This term is also used in a broader sense to signify the Divine Repository of
Revelation.
(The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, note 129)
Mother Dunn
Refers to the first Bahá’í House of Worship to be built in a hemisphere or continent. For example, the Bahá’í House of Worship outside of
Frankfurt am Main, Germany, is known as the Mother Temple of Europe; the House of Worship in
Wilmette, Illinois, the Mother Temple of the West.
It is referred to by
Bahá’u’lláh as “the Hill of God and His Vineyard” and was extolled by Isaiah as the “mountain of the Lord” to which “all nations shall flow”. On it Bahá’u’lláh pitched His tent and revealed the
Tablet of Carmel, the charter of the world spiritual and
administrative centres of the Bahá’í Faith.
Mountain of the Lord
The one who sounds the
Adhán, the Muḥammadan call to prayer.
Reference to
Shí‘íh traditions.
The Apostle of God
Muḥammad Taqí Afnán
Muḥammad-‘Alí, Mírzá
Muḥammad-Báqir, Shaykh
Muḥammad-Ḥasan, Mírzá
Muḥammad-Ḥusayn, Mírzá
Muḥammad-i-Iṣfahání, Siyyid
Bahá’u’lláh bestowed the title Ismu’lláhi’l-Júd (The Name of God, Bounty) upon him. He transcribed numerous
Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh during His Ministry, but subsequently
broke the Covenant. (See
God Passes By pages 247 and 319.)
Muslim trained in theology and Islamic jurisprudence; theologian; priest.
Of Qazvín. Also known as Mírzá Aḥmad
A devoted follower of the
The Báb and of
Bahá’u’lláh and amanuensis of the Báb, who before His death sent through him His gifts and effects to Bahá’u’lláh.
Mullá ‘Abdu’l-
Kháliq-i-Yazdí
A-Z :
Mullá ~ ‘Abdu’l-Kháliq-i-Yazdí
Uncle of
Ṭáhirih, one of the most learned and famous members of the
Shaykhí community. Being converted to the
Bábí Faith, he became in Ṭihrán one of its most earnest and able expositors.
A-Z :
Mullá ~ ‘Alíy-i-Baraqání
One of the
Letters of the Living. Sent on a special mission by the
Báb from
Shíráz in 1844, he became the first to suffer and to lay down his life in the path of this new Faith.
A-Z :
Mullá ~ ‘Alíy-i-Basṭámí
1813 — 2 February 1849
Mullá Ḥusayn-i-Bu
shrú’í. Given the title of Jináb-i-Bábu’l-Báb (Gate of the Gate) by the
Báb. First follower of the Báb, and first
Letter of the Living.
A student of
Siyyid Káẓim for nine years. Following Siyyid Káẓim’s death, Mullá Ḥusayn spent 40 days in prayer in Kúfih. He then journeyed to
Shíráz where, on the 22 May 1844, he met the Báb, Who declared to Mullá Ḥusayn that He was the
Qá’im for whom Mullá Ḥusayn had been seeking.
Martyred in
Iṣfahán. (See
Traveller’s Narrative, p. 400 note).
A-Z :
Mullá ~ Mihdíy-i-
Khu’í
Mullá Muḥammad-‘Alíy-i-Zanjání
Surnamed Ḥujjat.
“
One of the ablest and most formidable champions of the Faith”
(Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By, page 44), the leader of the
Bábís in what Lord Curzon called “the terrific siege and slaughter” they suffered at
Zanján where he, with 1,800 fellow disciples, was martyred.
A-Z :
Mullá ~ Muḥammad ‘Alíy-i-Zanjání
Mullá Muḥammad ‘Alíy-i-Bárfurúshí
Mullá Muḥammad-i-Zarandí
Mullá Ni‘matu’lláh-i-Mázindarání
A-Z :
Mullá ~ Ni‘matu’lláh-i-Mázindarání
A-Z :
Mullá ~ Yúsuf-i-Ardibílí
1847 — April 28, 1938
Wife of
‘Abdu’l-Bahá, they were married on March 8, 1873. Four of their children survived, one of whom, Ḍiyá’iyyih Khánum was the mother of
Shoghi Effendi.
Born Fáṭimih Nahrí, she was entitled Munírih (Illumined) by
Bahá’u’lláh.
Mushíru’d-Dawlih
Submitter to the will of Allah and
Muḥammad His Prophet; Arabic for
submitter.
Literally “He who is Invoked (for help), God”.
The numerical value was assigned by the
Báb as the limit of the time fixed for the advent of the promised
Manifestation.
Refers to the appearance of
Bahá’u’lláh at the time announced by the Báb.
A translation of Sirru’lláh.
A title Bahá’u’lláh gave to
‘Abdu’l-Bahá referring to His unique spiritual station in which the incompatible characteristics of human nature and superhuman knowledge and perfection are blended and completely harmonized.
Mystery, Land of